I am getting audio through HDMI but not through laptop speakers or audio jack.
Tried opening alsamixer in the terminal, but the function keys are paired to the computer functions (screen brightness, volume control etc.) and I don't know how to disable them to work in terminal.
Admittedly, I usually let those better with Sound issues handle the sound threads. Same for Printers.
I am going to alert @zabadabadoo to this thread, rather rudely... In hopes his greater knowledge on sound issues may fill in my gaps.
In the meantime, please let me search the web and study this issue and see if we can find some clues to what is going on here that hopefully might help us bumble to a solution... Which is how I arrive at many solutions, anyway...
OK. Here goes, but as @Aravisian knows, sound issues are notoriosly illogical and difficult to solve except by trial and error. Do expect lots of error.
Can you tell us what sound card/s you have?
Also:
In alsamixer hit [F6], then select a sound card that is not HDMI (if there is one).
Then hit [F5] to show all sound channels.
Post a screenshot.
Whilst you are in alsamixer, if you see any channels marked [M], go across to them and hit "M" key to unmute one by one.
f1 - f12 keys control hardware features (screen brightness, volume etc.)
but won't work in the terminal. Only the escape key and arrow keys work in alsa.
What machine do you have?
e.g. on some Lernovo laptops, [F1] ..[F12] keys are marked orange and there is a orange [Fn] key.
You have to press [Fn]+[F6] together to do a [F6]