Some things to try, if you not done so already by yourself:
- try discionnecting then reconnecting the USB mic when system running to see if then detected.
- Try a different USB port.
Next.
In terminal type: alsamixer
Hit [F5] to show all channels.
Post a screenshot, so we can see what that tells us.
Also look for Muted channels etc as per this post: Playing music over internet Like stereo mix - #10 by zabadabadoo