So, the rest of the system works fine? Then it might just be those applications, possibly related to:
Perhaps try Firefox, which is not based on Chromium, and see if that makes a difference. This seems to be a common problem for some reason.
In that thread I linked to, I suggested using the flag --disable-gpu when launching Chromium-based browsers. Is a workaround that seems to work often, which suggests the issue is with the video drivers.